Negotiation of Gender Identity

Near Field Communication free essay sample

NFC is a short structure for Near Field Communication, an innovation that permits comparable or NFC empowered gadgets to speak with one another either by contacting or bringing them into closer nearness †all remotely and is normally done inside not in excess of a couple of centimeters †¢The correspondence can likewise be built up between a NFC gadget with an unpowered NFC chip, which is called as tag. For instance a film banner outside a theater. So for this situation your Smartphone would be the initiator and that film banner would be the uninvolved goal. Once, you contact the Smartphone to this tag, the data identified with the film, for example, trailer, cast team information, timings will be gotten to your NFC gadget. †¢Near Field Communication is a short-extend high recurrence remote innovation, which empowers the trading of information between gadgets over around a 10-centimeter separation. The plan incorporates a close field transmitter and recipient to send information starting with one PC then onto the next †¢NFC (Near Field Communication) is another innovation that’s being added to cell phones that permits a NFC sensor chip to be perceived by essentially tapping it with a NFC-empowered telephone or holding the telephone in closeness to it, to consequently cause an installment, to download a coupon, or open a site, video, or other advanced substance. We will compose a custom article test on Close to Field Communication or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In spite of the fact that not yet in far reaching use as a result of the set number of cell phones planned with NFC sensors and the relative multifaceted nature and cost of creating materials with implanted chips, NFC is a developing innovation stage that can be utilized to address an assortment of situations. †¢Near Field Communication is an a short-run remote innovation that permits data to be traded between two NFC-empowered gadgets over short separations. Handsets with worked in NFC will drastically streamline the manner in which buyer gadgets cooperate with each other. Close to Field Communication (NFC), as a rising and promising innovation, is a coordination of Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)technologywithmobiledevices. NFC-empowered cell phones can go about as contactless keen cards and are additionally competent to peruse and compose information from/to those cards. Research attempts concerning NFC seem to concentrate primarily on advancement of NFC empowered administrations and applications. Then again, benefits and basic qualities related with various NFC applications’ administration isn't yet all around explained. NFC is a short-extend, low-power correspondences convention between two gadgets. One gadget, the initiator, utilizes attractive acceptance to make a radio-wave field that the objective can identify and get to, permitting limited quantities of information to be moved remotely over a generally short separation (in NFCs case, the separation must be under 4 inches). On the off chance that that sounds a great deal like RFID, the tech utilized by, for instance, remote cost assortment gadgets like EZ-Pass and FasTrak, its presumably on the grounds that NFC is basically a developed type of RFID. The thing that matters is that RFID is a single direction road: Your EZ-Pass transmitter bars your $4. 25 cost to the fee collection counters recipient, and that is the degree of the exchange. In any case, essentially, NFC is two-way, permitting your NFC-empowered device to both send and get data. Favorable circumstances of NFC Technology †¢Inherent security †¢Ease of utilization (Very natural to individuals, just touch) †¢Mobile telephones can be utilized both as a data stockpiling gadgets or a NFC peruser †¢They can peruse data from NFC labels †¢They can be utilized as a computerized stockpiling e. g. putting away Mastercard data.

How the Dopamine Works With Partial Agonism

How the Dopamine Works With Partial Agonism Schizophrenia Print How Antipyschotic Dopamine Works With Partial Agonism By Adrian Preda, MD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 31, 2020 More in Disorders Schizophrenia Addiction ADHD Eating Disorders Social Anxiety Disorder Bipolar Disorder BPD Depression OCD GAD Panic Disorder PTSD View All In this article, you will learn about dopamine partial agonism. This effect is best illustrated by aripiprazole (brand name: Abilify), a second-generation antipsychotic/atypical neuroleptic that stands apart from all the other atypical antipsychotics due do a different mechanism of action. How Aripiprazole Is Different From Other Atypicals Most atypical antipsychotics have a clear effect of the brain serotonin receptors but a rather weak and limited effect on the brain dopamine receptors. Aripiprazole is different than most of the other atypicals with regards to its mechanism of action. In essence, aripiprazole works via dopamine. Thus, from the point of view of it works, aripiprazole is closer to typical or first-generation neuroleptics, which share the blocking of dopamine in the brain (so-called dopamine antagonism) as a common mechanism of action. If Aripiprazole Works on Dopamine Why is it Classified as an Atypical? The reason is aripiprazole’s clinical action: its risk for certain neurological adverse effects such as episodes of acute muscular rigidity (dystonia) or involuntary abnormal movement disorders (dyskinesia) is low, which earns it accolades as an atypical; as opposed to antipsychotics with a high risk for this type of adverse effects, which are classified as typicals. Aripiprazole is a dopamine partial agonist as opposed to a dopamine antagonist or blocker like most first-generation antipsychotics. Dopamine Antagonism Dopamine is one of the neurotransmitters found at the level of the synaptic space, space in-between neurons. Dopamine is released in the synaptic space from vesicles housed in the pre-synaptic neuron, then binds to dopamine receptors at the level of the postsynaptic neuron. Think of this as a key and lock type of effect where dopamine receptors are locks which open when the dopamine “key” enters the lock. One of the hypotheses of schizophrenia is that in certain parts of the brain there is too much dopamine in the synapse. The positive symptoms  of schizophrenia are thought to be a result of all these “extra” dopamine molecules binding to dopamine receptors. Dopamine antagonists bind to the dopamine receptors, thus block dopamine binding. And without the proper key, i.e. dopamine, the lock does not open; in other words, as the dopamine excess problem is corrected at the level of the synapse there are no ill effects (positive symptoms) resulting from it. The problem though is that the dopamine blockade occurs all over the brain while the dopamine excess in schizophrenia is limited to specific parts of the brain. Further, in schizophrenia, while some parts of the brain are subject to dopamine excess, other parts are in fact experiencing a dopamine deficit. Dopamine antagonists do not only block receptors in places where there is too much of it but also in places where there is not enough dopamine. This is why these medications, while effective for positive symptoms due to blocking of receptors in brain regions having too much dopamine, tend to also increase negative symptoms, cognitive issues, as well as the risk for parkinsonism in patients taking them, due to blocking of dopamine in brain regions where there is too little dopamine. A potential solution to this problem is using partial agonists. Partial Dopamine Agonists A partial dopamine agonist is a molecule that binds to the receptor and partially activates it. Think about it as a key that sorts of fit in the lock so that the door can be wriggled about but not completely open. The effect of a partial dopamine agonist is less than the full effect of dopamine but more than a complete lack of effect, which is what happens when a receptor is completely blocked. In other words, a partial effect. This partial effect means that when there is too much dopamine around aripiprazole (a partial dopamine agonist) by taking the dopamine space on the receptors and activating them only partially will actually take down the effect of the too much dopamine. It also means that in situations when there is too little dopamine around to activate all the available receptors aripiprazole will actually bind to unoccupied receptors and its effect, even if only partial, is now added to the dopamine effect in the synapse for a net increase of the dopaminergic effect of a dopamine-deprived synapse. To summarize, aripiprazole, as a partial dopamine agonist, acts as a modulator of dopamine effects. When present, it diminishes the effects of both dopamine excess (by decreasing dopamine action when there is too much of it) and deficit (by increasing dopamine action when there is too little of it).

The Code Of Ethics And Education - 1366 Words

Ethics and education are both complementary to the other. Education lacking ethics is nothing but nothing learning without purpose and when ethics are when one develops the right ethics then education is essential. What we should know is that the main purpose of education lies in the enlightenment of mind that gives us and our children the ability to choose between what is moral and what is immoral. A code of ethics within any workplace is a set of written principles regarding conduct and behavior created by the organization to serve as a guide. The main objective of ethical codes is to give all employees and any intended parties a reference point that adheres to the company policy, standards, and beliefs. Within the Mobile County Public Schools, the primary goal for all educators must, at all times, be to provide an environment in which all students can learn. And in order to accomplish that goal, educators must value the dignity of every person, must have a devotion to excellence in all areas, and must actively support the pursuit of knowledge. To do so requires a faithfulness to a high ethical standard. Professional behavior of educators in Mobile County wants all educators to strive as a guide to his or her fellow coworker. Ethical codes are to protect the health, safety and general welfare of students and educators. It also outlines many standards of conduct for prof essional educators and defines, thoroughly, actions of an unethical nature for which willShow MoreRelatedThe Code Of Ethics For Education917 Words   |  4 PagesMy area of study is in education. The code of ethics for education falls into three different categories, ethical conduct towards the students, ethical conduct practices, and ethical conduct towards colleagues. Educators have a moral responsibility to have a learning environment that fulfills and helps their students reach their full potential. According to the Code of Educators, â€Å"The professional educator accepts personal responsibility for teaching students character qualities that will help themRead MoreThe Code Of Ethics For The Education Profession Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Under this code of Ethics, we believe that as an educator you have a duty to provide an environment that nurtures and supports the learning of each and every student. The belief that all humans deserve a safe atmosphere which involves the educators to take all reasonable precautions to defend the safety, dignity, and well-being of students and staff. The educator identifies the importance of the responsibility essential in the teaching process. The desire for the respect and confidenceRead MoreCode Of Ethics And The National Education Association1031 Words   |  5 PagesThe National Education Association (NEA) adopted a code of ethics in 1975 (Strike Soltis 2009, p. viii). While this code still upholds many concerns that educators face today, it is important to make sure that a code of ethics is a breathing document. It must adapt and change with the changing of time. Strike and Soltis (2009) reference the code of ethics quite regularly throughout the entire book. It is first introduced in full at the beginning of the book. Looking over the code, it is importantRead MoreCode Of Ethics Is Absolutely Essential For Every Education Major1297 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics The Code of Ethics is absolutely essential for every education major to have a strong understanding of. This code presents the main rules and regulations that apply to future teachers to ensure the best behavior and actions possible, inside and outside of the classroom. It is a clear guide of unethical activities that teachers may never indulge in without risking suspension, revocation, denial, or reprimand of any teaching certificate. The code is broken down into eleven differentRead More Codes of Ethics in Health Care Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesEthical Codes are in use today by many organizations to clearly establish their values and provide a procedure if a code violation occurs. Medical ethics began as a professional code for physicians and has now expanded and includes a variety of health care professions and health care organizations. The growth of medical knowledge and technology have grown so have the concerns that ethical standards and issues facing our society today m ay be compromised or not appropriately addressed (LittletonRead MoreEthical Issues Faced by the Accountancy Profession Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesEthics plays an essential and integral part in the accountancy profession. Professional conduct plays an important role in establishing public trust in financial reporting and business practise. Yet this can and has come under threat when clients and employees are exposed to the risk of fraud when accounting ethics are not adhered to. Codes of ethics are adopted to ensure the reliability, comparability and integrity of financial statements. Ethical standards exist to safeguard the fundamental principlesRead MoreCode of Ethics Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesCode of Ethics Comparison Paper Melissa J. Diehl Liberty University September 2, 2012 Abstract Different organizations are driven by specific sets of code of ethics, which are used to protect many different aspect of the organizations, specifically the client, counselor, and organization. Concerning the standards of a counselor, their ethics are not only provided by the laws of the state or theirRead MoreA Code Of Ethics For Teachers1334 Words   |  6 Pages The Need for a Code of Ethics for Teachers and How Positive and Professional Dispositions Must Be Exhibited Prior to and During Student Teaching Aliesha R. Phillips The University of Southern Mississippi Ethics falls under a broad definition that can be defined in many ways: â€Å"The term ethics is defined as the discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation; 2a) a set of moral principles; 2b) the principles of conduct governing an individual or a groupRead MoreEthics And Code Of Ethics1359 Words   |  6 Pagesethical codes in which it is useful to become aware of these differences for your future employment in working with a variety of professionals. Future coworkers may have different views and opinions however, a code of ethics will individualize these professionals and set standards. By making yourself aware of the differences, communication can become easier between employees of various backgrounds. Two particular organizations to compare may include the American Counseling Association Code of EthicsRead MoreTaking a Look at Special Education879 Words   |  4 Pages Special education is an ethically and politically complex area of professi onal education (Paul, French, Cranston-Gingras, 2001). Critics have claimed that special education does not benefit student with disabilities and should be renounced for ethical reasons (Gartner Lipsky, 1989). Others assert that special education is unethical because it stigmatizes and segregates minority students and violates the rights of children (Grossman, 1998; Granger Granger, 1986). On the other hand, proponents

The Effects Of Media Violence On An Individuals Perception...

It is nearly impossible to imply that violence in the media does not have an affect on an individuals perception of the world, however, to what degree it can actually influence an individuals behavior is the real question needed to be answered. According to Douglas Gentile his research demonstrates that there are six risk factors that can be used to help determine the possibility of predicting if an individual will demonstrate violent behavior later in life. According to Gentile, in a study he recently published he stated, â€Å"†¦Media exposure as 1 of the 6 risk factors for predicting later aggression in 430 children (aged 7 to 11, grades 3 to 5) from Minnesota schools. Besides media violence, the remaining risk factors are bias toward hostility, low parental involvement, participant sex, physical victimization, and prior physical fights† (As cited in Kaplan, Para. 26). As a child, I grew up in a technology age with two brothers, both of whom were heavily involved with violent video games, while I was more consumed with watching movies, which included violence at points. My younger brother and I lived a relatively normal life, where as my older brother, the one whom was most consumed with video games had been mentally and physically victimized through out his childhood due to a hearing disorder. My parents had been very involved in our lives though, continuously concerned about my brothers aggressive behaviors. Children had persistently made fun of his disability, which IShow MoreRelatedMental Illness And Its Effects On The Media Essay1324 Words   |  6 PagesStates’ media creating stigmatization and misrepresentation. Mental illness â€Å"refers to a wide range of mental disorders that affect your mood, thinking and behavior† (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Examples of disorders include anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Any â€Å"negative attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors are ca lled stigma† (Wilson et al., 2016, p. 2) and stigma can contribute to progression of mental illness because of its harmful effects due toRead MoreGeneral Aggression Model Of Human Aggression1280 Words   |  6 PagesPart 1. Violence Mechanism of GAM General Aggression Model (GAM) represents a theoretical basis for social-cognitive integrated model of human aggression, and aims at the interpretation of the connection between the motivation of aggression, and the following aggressive behavior, aggressive effect (i.e., physiological stimulation), aggressive cognition, (i.e., thoughts), reduced pro-social behavior, and reduced empathy (i.e., emotional facets) (Anderson and Bushman, 2001; Barlett and Anderson 2013)Read MoreThe Effects Of Rap Music On Social Behavior Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesIn society today, it is highly noticed that the role of rap music messages and video images of violence causes an increase in negative emotions, thoughts and behaviors which could lead to violence amongst youth. Rap music has been at the center of concern in regards to the potential harmful effect of violent media on social behavior amongst youth. This potential behavior could be seen in the music video titled â€Å"Kim† by Eminem. I n this music video, the storyline, language and sound encourages hostileRead MoreMean World1027 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Mean World Syndrome† Everyone is influenced and shaped by society. Society affects our perceptions, our consciousness, and our actions. A majority of the influence, especially on the younger demographic comes through the media; specifically through television. It is important to examine how violence in the media develops a pervasive cultural environment that cultivates a heightened state of insecurity, exaggerated perceptions of risk and danger, and a fear-driven propensity for hard-line politicalRead MoreInfluence of Media on Crime.788 Words   |  4 PagesIs Media Responsible for the Increasing Crime Rate? It is believed that the great Plato had a question similar to this, he was worried whether the violence in plays will have a negative effect on people of his land. We cannot mitigate the influence of media on the society. Some believe that it is the curse for the contemporary society, as it invigorates individuals to commit crimes. Are these people right? Read on to know the answer to this grave question. Contrary to the popular belief, mediaRead MoreMedia Violence Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesViolence in the Media and how it Affects Society The effect of media is profound and far-reaching. All over the world, the media influences our values and intrudes upon our deep-seated ideologies and beliefs. Indeed the media has been a powerful force in influencing people’s perceptions, and more importantly, their behavior as well. Business, politicians, and showbiz personalities pay huge sums of money to media firms in order create an image or change an existing one. Politics in particularRead MoreMisogyny Of Hip Hop : The Solution1564 Words   |  7 Pages’Kayla Morgan Jeffrey Baggett English 102 April 25, 2016 Misogyny In Hip Hop: The Solution In today’s society many individuals listen to music. With so many different genres to choose from in the music industry, one of the most popular genres of music is Hip Hop. With the constant urge for new artists, lyrics, and rap styles, it seems as though Hip Hop is the holy grail of music. One of the main problems with Hip Hop is the misogyny of women. Adams and Fuller (2006) define misogyny as the â€Å"hatredRead MoreThe Effects Of Media On Fear Of Crime1488 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Media Numerous studies have been done investigating fear of crime and causal links (Dorfman and Schiraldi 2001; Gerbner and Gross 1976; Hale 1996). However, few empirical studies have been done that examine the effects media has on fear of crime (Chermack 1994). Media is defined as a manner in which we can access information and news through technology (Gillium 2000). This might be on television, radio, newspapers and magazines, and other online sources. Studies have found that media is dominatedRead MoreSocialization As A Function Of Media1561 Words   |  7 Pagesof Media Mass media, significantly through mediums that project news and information, greatly affect what and how we learn about the world around us. In particular, television has become the outlet with the greatest socialization impact in its influence on young viewers. The distribution of information has become a part of the process by which people learn about societal values and behaviors and come to understand cultural expectations. Through entertainment and news programming, mass media suchRead MoreThe Home Is More Dangerous Than The Street1692 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction †¢ It will be argued that the home is more dangerous than the street. †¢ key elements discussed= target population of women, perception vs reality (including fear paradox) and current statistics of street and home crime. †¢ The reason why i have chosen these elements to be explored are because I believe it will be the best topics to be discussed to persuade readers to agree with the contentiion. Body Paragraph 1 †¢ Target population of women = Women face greater risk of death in the

British Patrol Free Essays

British Patrol started way back in 1908 (Yergin 18). Its commencement was marked when oil was found in Persia in a very rugged place after seven years of intensive oil search. The Company had invested a lot of fortunes into this search and this almost ended up in failure. We will write a custom essay sample on British Patrol or any similar topic only for you Order Now This oil was found in the field of Naphtha. British Patrol has grown over the years from a local oil company to an international energy group. Its operations run over a hundred countries and it has an employment capacity of eighty thousand people (Yergin 20). It is ranked as the fourth largest company in the world and it is the largest corporation in the United Kingdom. This paper explains how the British Patrol created a global brand name and how their partnership with Amaco, Castrol acquisition and Aral acquisition affected the process of creation of the global brand name (Corbett 80). It also explains the issues and the challenges that BP faced as well as the problems encountered. Who is BP? BP is a British energy company that is global. It is the third largest energy company in the world. Its headquarters are in St James’s, City in London. It is mainly engaged in oil exploration and in the marketing of petroleum and of natural gas (Ellis 93). The roots of BP date back to 1901 when the Shah of Iran granted William Knox a concession to search for oil. He searched for seven good years and found oil in 1908 (Yergin 67). This discovery gained commercial importance in April 1909 when the Anglo Persian Oil Company (APOC) started to exploit the rugged deposit of oil discovered by William Knox. In 1935, it was known as the Anglo Iranian Oil Company. This became the British Petroleum Company in 1954 (Ellis 67). Activities of BP The company expanded to Alaska in 1959. It struck oil in the North Sea in 1965. it also acquired control over Standard oil of Ohio. It operated in Iran until the Islamic revolution in 1979. The regime of Ayatollah Khomeini confiscated all the assets of BP and it closed down. It was not compensated for the loss (Yergin 67). BP was led by Sir Peter Walters between 1981 and 1990. when Robert Horton took over he did a major downsizing in the company. Under his jurisdiction, BP bought many stations in South Eastern US. Lord Browne became the managing director in 1995 (Ellis 79). The companies acquired Amoco, ARCO and Burma Castro under his jurisdiction. Strategies employed by BP One of the leading strategies that BP uses is the acquisition of leading oil companies and getting into partnership with them. This is well exhibited in the acquisition of Amaco, Castrol and Aral. For example in the case of Amaco in December 1998 after merging, it was known as Amaco BP. It was then renamed BP (Beyond Petroleum) in 2000. Most Amoco stations in the US was renamed to the brand name BP (Yergin 89). It used the strategy of selling the gasoline from Amaco under the name Amoco. The reason they did not change the name was that for the previous sixteen years Amoco’s gasoline had been rated as the best gasoline. This was there fore a marketing strategy that further saw the company’s image being boosted. They then changed the name to Amoco ultimate. They then improved their brand (Corbett 45). They also use the strategy of ensuring their products are quality products. The quality of a product always attracts and maintains the loyalty of the customers. Quality of the leaders has also to a great extent enabled the company to create a brand name. A closer look at their history leaders or managing directors is chosen from the management team. This allows the continuation of the activities of the organization without delay. An example is Lord Browne who was in the board. It also uses the strategy of owning reserves in most regions where oil is found. For example in Russia, they own fifty percent. They are also planning to expand into further regions. Challenges and problems encountered Some of the challenges encountered were the confiscation of the company’s assets by the government. This was in 1979 and it resulted into a major loss for the company. Another major challenge has been the occurrence of accidents such as explosions (Yergin 89). These have led to massive losses. An example is the explosion that occurred in the company’s Texas City refinery. This led to a massive loss of oil as well as to fatal injuries and deaths that cost the company a lot of money as compensation to the families affected (Ellis 90). This also led to lawsuits being filled against the company. Leaking wells are also a challenge to the company. It sometimes has to close these wells as it did in 2006 when it closed its twelve wells. The company also faces the challenge of recovering its self-image from the explosions that are fatal and they occur out of negligence from the company (Yergin 90). This affects the customer’s attitude towards the company. The company has to build confidence in the eyes of these customers and it is an uphill task. Conclusion BP has grown into one of the leading corporations from its humble beginnings. This has been through employment of various strategies such as acquisitions and mergers. This has also been necessitated by the ability to keep their products at a very high quality thus creating loyalty among the workers. It has also expanded into other regions thus acquiring the larger markets. However, there have been challenges that the company has faced and it has had to combat the challenges and problems to remain at the top. References Corbett Michael. The outsourcing revolution: Why it makes sense and how to do it, right. London: Kaplan Publishing, 2004. Ellis Charles. The partnership: the making of Goldman Sachs. London: Penguin Press, 2008. Yergin Daniel. The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money Power. New York: Simon Schuster, 2008. How to cite British Patrol, Papers

Should Eyewitness Testimony Be Allowed in Court Essay Example

Should Eyewitness Testimony Be Allowed in Court? Paper EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY: Do the findings from research on eyewitness testimony suggest that eyewitness testimony should not be admitted in court? An eyewitness testimony is a report made by a person who observed an event. Police, prosecutors, Juries and Judges in court generally believe, trust and accept eyewitness testimony, especially if no other evidence (objects, documentary and/or physical evidence) is available and if the eyewitness has no reason nor motivation to give false statements (Wells et al. , 2006). Notably, eyewitnesses provide the criminal Justice ystem with important details around the criminal event such as identifying the criminal or recalling incidents or conversations (Wells et al. , 2006). For the legal system, they are perceived as being an important and credible delivery of information, yet they can be completely wrong. Indeed, psychologists have warned the criminal Justice system about eyewitness testimony and its error-prone nature Backed up with a vast amount of research (starting in the early 1900s), the legal system has not believed or given considerable attention to what psychologists have been constantly finding. Only the establishment of DNA-testing in the 1990s, showing that many punished convicts were innocent in reality, did reveal the almost 900 exoneration cases with eyewitness testimony misidentification attributed as the main cause (Gross Schaffer, 2012). Consequently, the image of eyewitness testimony as being a trustful source has been weakened and eyewitness psychology has gained trust (Wells et al. , 2006). Despite the improvements based on the results of eyewitness research, complete accurate identification is still not guaranteed. We will write a custom essay sample on Should Eyewitness Testimony Be Allowed in Court? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Should Eyewitness Testimony Be Allowed in Court? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Should Eyewitness Testimony Be Allowed in Court? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Hence, this essay will focus on the question whether eyewitness testimony should or hould not be admitted in court on the basis of the research findings in the field of memory and eyewitness testimony. The case of Kirk Bloodsworth is one of the first of the numerous examples which illustrate eyewitness testimony fallacy and underlines the importance of research and improvements in this area. Bloodsworth was exonerated after DNA fingerprinting proved his innocence of rape and murder crimes, having by that time spent 9 years of two consecutive life sentences in prison. Staggeringly, five different eyewitnesses had maintained that he was seen with the victim, greatly influencing his sentencing nd highlighting the extent of the erroneous ways of testimony (Kassin et al. , 2010). The error-prone and corruptible factors of eyewitness testimony is backed up by psychological sciences (Fradella, 2006). Deriving from our memory, eyewitness testimony requires an understanding of its processes as a primary step. In essence, human memory consists of three stages: acquisition, retention and retrieval with each stage subject to false and distorted memory. No legal system, however, has ever carried out experiments on human memory or eyewitness testimony to understand the processes behind it (Schmechel et al. 2006). Rather, they heavily rely on it and treat eyewitness testimonies as an equivalent to a videotape. This is despite the fact that our cognitive and mental processes are in fact subjective reconstructions of events (Loftus Ketcham, 1997). Hence, drawing conclusions from sole reliance on eyewitness testimony cannot be objective. Simply by knowing how memory works and conducting experiments to explore its limits, a great amount of information can be learned and then applied to eyewitness testimony and its treatment in court. This would work towards making the legal system trustworthier. Thus far, memory and eyewitness testimony have been thoroughly investigated with widely acknowledged methods. (Schmechel et al. , 2006). Furthermore, through new innovations and technology, methodologies have improved (e. g. showing videotape scenarios) and became better linked to real life scenarios (Memon et al. , 2008). As a result, research from psychological sciences can be a powerful and reliable source to help the criminal Justice system to understand Wells and colleagues (2006) focused on when and why eyewitness testimony is most likely to be error-prone, verifying a complex interaction of memory processes and ocial influence. All characteristics and circumstances of the witness, the crime scene and the culprit have to be considered. These factors are called estimator variables (Wells et al. , 2003). For example, memory and identification accuracy is higher when the eyewitness and the culprit are of the same race (Birgham Meissner, 2007) as well as the same age (He et al. , 2011). Absence of a weapon at the crime scene (Wells et al. , 2006), low stress and anxiety provoking situations (Deffenbacher et al. 2004), mood (Forgas et al. , 2004), attention (Haber Haber, 2000) and gender (Areh, 2011) of he eyewitness as well as the time elapsed between event and recall (Cutler, 2006) and exposure duration to the event (Memon et al. , 2003) have an impact on accuracy. Even though those variables cannot be controlled, merely by knowing and being aware of these findings, eyewitness testimony can be treated differently and more cautiously. Therefore, if eyewitnesses are allowed to be in court, the Judges need to factor in the circumstances they were in and on these grounds weigh up the importance and reliability of their testimony. The so called system variables, on the other hand, can actually be controlled by the ystem. The constructions and content given, behavioural influence as well as the chosen method of presentation by the interviewer fall under the category of such variables. Memory can be falsified through a persons general knowledge (Bartlett, 1932). In our long-term memory we store many different schemes of knowledge. When we have to reconstruct specific events and its details, inaccuracy can arise from our idea of what must have been true or what makes the most sense by using stereotypes or filling the gaps of missing or ambiguous details. This, strikingly, does not match with what has been seen in reality. Moreover, this can especially be falsified through postevent information, in either a social (information exchange with other individuals or media) or nonsocial way (misleading questions or suggestions) (Skagerberg Wright, 2008). These explicit, but also subtle, forms of (mis)information can unconsciously produce altered (Loftus Palmer, 1974) or blended memory (Wright Loftus, 2008). Knowing this, research went further and looked at how to improve the process of interviewing (which affects the recall of memory) as well as the identification process of the suspect (which involves recognition memory), xamining social influences in both cases (Wells et al. , 2006). Together, these research findings as well as real examples suggest that eyewitness testimony should not be admitted to court as it may lead to many wrong prosecutions. As seen, subjectivity, suggestibility, and fallibility of memory as well as social influences, environmental and personal circumstances make it hard to assess the accuracy of eyewitnesses statements. Promisingly, many improvements have been already implemented due to advances in eyewitness research, making eyewitness testimony more accurate as well as reliable convictions. The cognitive interview (which is an interview based on all knowledge about memory and social influence in order to get more accurate information whilst interviewing eyewitnesses), training for police, Judges, Juries etc (instructions, behavior, etc), the structure of lineups (pre-instructions, content, presentation time and method), adding eyewitness experts to the court to assist the Judges and being aware of the uncontrollable influences (Wells et al. 2006) are such amendments. Of paramount significance, the question still remains if these improvements can really be called improvements. For example, the change in lineups only lead to 50% of the time to correct target identification or the fact that eyewitness experts increase scepticism in Judges as well as they are not case-specific (Leippe et al. , 2004). Hence, it is still highly disputable, if elimination of eyewitness testimony would make the legal system more accurate. Eyewitness testimony, in my opinion, still is an undeniably important source for the legal system since there are no CCTV security operations installed in every corner of the world. Only the person who has been present at the scene can report what has happened. Yet, the evidence presented is substantially consistent with the notion of eyewitness testimony fallacy. As such, further changes in the Justice system need to be operated for the pursuit towards fairer sentences. As the idea of CCTV security operations being installed everywhere is impossible, one shall still refer to the human video camera but only as long as it is viewed with a sceptical eye, keeping the research findings in mind in order to minimise the amount of innocent people in jail as well as the guilty people on the loose. As the crucial decisions lie within the power of the Justice system, the improvements hould primarily focus on raising awareness of the potentially errant aspects involved in witness recollection of events in agencies of the legal system. Changes in education and training, combining investigation with the psychological variables in the criminal event, can contribute to a fairer inquiry. Concomitantly, further research should encourage new ideas for the development of novel assessment criteria, for example using brain activity measures, eye movements, and heart rate change measurements to make eyewitness testimony an authoritative source of information (wells et al. , 2006). Areh, l. 2011). Gender-related differences in eyewitness testimony. Personality and Individual Differences, Volume 50, Issue 5, April 2011, pp. 559-563. Brigham, J. C. , Bennett, L. B. , Meissner, C. A. , Mitchell, T. L. (2007). The influence of race on eyewitness memory. In R. C. L. Lindsay, D. F. Ross, J. D. 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